aebm-f¯n-sâ Fgp-¯½
F-S-¡ð- Kp-l-bn-se- F-gp-¯p-IÄ- hm-bn-¨-Xp-t]m-se- C-{X-tb-sd-
]-Þn-XÀ- a-säm-sc-gp-¯pw- C-´y-bnð- hm-bn-¨n-«n-ñ.- 1901ð-
A-ó-s¯- a-e-_mÀ- Pn-ñm- s]m-eo-kv- kq-{]-ïm-bn-cp-ó- F-^v- ^m-k-äm-Wv-
hm-b-\-bv-¡p- Xp-S-¡-an-«-Xv.- tUm.- lqÄ-jv,- s{]m-^.- en-K-dn,-
s{]m-^.- _yq-fÀ- F-óo- sIm-tfm-Wn-bð- ]-Þn-X-cpw- tI-k-cn- F-
_m-e-Ir-jv-W-]n-Å,- tUm.- Fw- BÀ- cm-L-h-hm-cyÀ,- sF-cm-h-Xw-
a-lm-tZ-h-³ F-óo- C-´y-³ ]-Þn-X-cpw- C-hn-sS-bp-Å- F-gp-¯n-sâ-
s]m-cp-fp-Xn-cn-¡m-³ {i-an-¨-h-cm-Wv.-
A-tim-I-in-em-en-Jn-X-§-fp-sS- F-gp-¯p-ssi-en-bm-Wv- F-S-¡ð-
h-S-t¡- Np-a-cn-se- F-gp-¯p-ssi-en-¡p-Å-Xv.- sX-t¡- Np-a-cn-se-
F-gp-¯p-IÄ-¡v- Ip-jm-\- F-gp-¯p-I-fp-sS-bpw- `-«n-s{]m-tfm-{_m-Òn-
F-gp-¯p-I-fp-sS-bpw- ssi-en- Im-Wm-\p-ïv.-
a-e-bm-f-A-£-c-I-e-bp-sS- B-Zn-cq-]w- F-S-¡-en-em-Wv- Im-Wp-ó-Xv.-
h-s«-gp-¯v,- tIm-se-gp-¯v,- {K-Ù-en-]n,- Xp-fp-þ-a-e-bm-fw-
en-]n-I-fp-sS- {]-`-h-tI-{µw- F-S-¡-em-Wv.- B-[p-\n-I-a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-sS-
]n-Xm-hm-bn- F-gp-¯-Ñ-s\- Im-Wm-sa-¦nð- a-e-bm-f-en-]n-bp-sS-
A-½-bm-bn- F-S-¡-en-s\- Im-Wmw.-
a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ-am-{Xw- A-½-b-ñ- {_m-Òn- F-gp-¯p-IÄ.-
sIm-dn-b,- kn-tem-¬,- aym-³aÀ,- a-te-jy,- Xn-_-Xv,- C-´y- F-óo-
cm-Py-§-fn-se- `m-j-I-fp-sS- ap-gp-h-³ A-½-bm-Wv.- ^n-\o-jy-³ F-gp-¯p-I-fnð-\n-óm-Wv-
{_m-Òn- F-gp-¯v- cq-]-s¸-«-Xv.- A-Xv- h-e-¯p-\n-óv- C-S-t¯m-«v-
F-gp-Xp-óp.- lm-c-¸-bnð-\n-óv- In-«n-b- 10 F-ó- kw-Jy-bp-sS-
A-¡w- h-e-¯p-\n-óv- C-S-t¯m-«m-sW-gp-Xn-bn-cn-¡p-ó-Xv.- _n-kn-
500 h-sc- {Ko-Iv- en-]n-bpw- a-äpw- F-gp-Xn-bn-cp-ó-Xv- {]-tXy-I-
ssi-en-bn-em-Wv.- H-óm-a-s¯- h-cn- C-S-¯p-\n-óv- h-e-t¯-¡pw,- c-ïm-a-s¯-
h-cn- h-e-¯p-\n-óv- C-S-t¯-¡pw,- aq-óm-a-s¯- h-cn- ho-ïpw-
C-S-¯p-\n-óv- h-e-t¯-¡pw.- "-_p-kv-t{Sm-s^-U-¬-'- F-ó-
en-]n-im-kv-{X-Im-c-òmÀ- hn-fn-¡p-ó- Cu- F-gp-¯p-ssi-en-bp-sS-
{]-tXy-I-X- hm-b-\-bp-sS- H-gp-¡v- ap-dn-bn-ñ- F-ó-Xm-Wv.- C-tX- F-gp-¯p-ssi-en-bm-Wv-
F-S-¡-en-se- F-gp-¯p-IÄ-¡p-Å-Xv.-
tI-c-f-¯nð-\n-óv- I-sï-¯n-b- G-ä-hpw- ]-g-b- {_m-Òn- F-gp-¯p-IÄ-
F-S-¡ð- Kp-l-bn-te-Xp-X-só.- F-«p-h-cn- {_m-Òn- F-gp-¯p-I-fpw-
H-cp-h-cn- {Zm-hn-U- F-gp-¯p-am-Wv- \-ap-¡v- F-S-¡-enð- hm-bn-¡m-³
I-gn-bp-I.- _p-²-a-X-X-¯z-§Ä- hn-fn-¨p-]-d-bp-ó-Xm-Wv- {_m-Òn-
F-gp-¯p-IÄ.- "-cm-Pm-hv- Iq-«n-t¨À-¯-'- F-óm-Wv- C-hn-sS-bp-Å-
{Zm-hn-U-en-Jn-X-¯n-sâ- AÀ-Yw.- "-hn-\m-i-s¯- C-ñm-Xm-¡p-ó-h-³
b-i-kzn-bpw- _-e-hm-\p-am-Wv-'- (_n-\-/-iv-\n-I-P-/-i-_-tc)- "-I-Tn-\-am-b-
_p-²-amÀ-K-¯nð- a-I-s\- A-b-¨-'- (A-tim-I-³)- (I-Sp-a-
an-]p-X-N-c-/-kp-X)- "-Cu- tem-I-¯nð- ]-e- ]p-{X-òm-sc-bpw-
£-{Xn-b-òm-sc-bpw- Ip-Xn-c-¡m-sc-bpw- ]-£n-I-sf-bpw-
bp-h-ar-K-§-sf-bpw- bp-²-¯n-epw- a-äpw- sIm-sóm-Sp-¡p-ó-Xn-s\-Xn-sc-
cm-Pm-hv- ]-d-ªp- (]-ew- ]p-Yv-e-j-h-bp-Yp- th-tSmw-
tI-am-K-]-I-Nw-N-h-av-I- h-N-l-C-_-tÒ-/-Np-J-J-Yv-a-]-an-]-c-l-c-lm-a-b-Jv-a-L-Sp-\m-c-Iv-em-Ò-h-ssI-Yv-tem-Yv-Wp-J-Lv-L-/-Yz-l-Sp-R-Q-X)-
F-ó-Xm-Wv-;- B-IÀ-j-I-am-b- \-ho-\-in-em-bp-K-Im-e-s¯-
sIm-¯p-Nn-{X-§Ä-¡n-S-bnð- {]m-Ir-X-`m-j-bnð- F-gp-Xn-bn-cn-¡p-ó-Xv.-
A-tim-I-Im-e-s¯-bpw- A-Xn-\p-ti-j-ap-Å- {In-kv-Xp-hÀ-jm-cw-`-\q-äm-ïp-I-fn-se-bpw-
{_m-Òn- F-gp-¯p-I-fm-Wn-h.-
sF-cm-h-Xw- a-lm-tZ-h-³ tN-c-cm-Pm-hn-tâ-sX-ópw,- cm-L-h-hm-cyÀ-
th-Sm-cm-Pm-hn-tâ-sX-ópw- hm-bn-¨-h- kq-£v-a-hm-b-\-bnð-
_p-²-cm-Pm-hn-sâ- h-N-\-§-fm-sW-óp-Im-Wmw.- F-gp-¯-Ñ-sâ- F-gp-t¯m-e-bv-¡pw-
F-{X-tbm- hÀ-j-§Ä-¡p-ap-t¼- F-gp-X-s¸-«- N-cn-{X-en-Jn-X-§Ä-
\-½p-sS- \m-«n-ep-ïv.- Cu- F-gp-¯n-S-§Ä-
tI-{µo-I-cn-¨m-bn-cn-¡-Ww- h-cpw-Im-e-¯v- \-½p-sS- hn-Zym-cw-`w-
\-S-t¡-ï-Xv.-
tUm.- Sn- ]hn-{X³-
